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Background: The way one mourns varies across different cultures. As such in each society, the mourning rituals in accordance with the culture of that society can alleviate the grieving process. During the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, in many parts of the world, restrictions have been imposed on hosting different ceremonies and events to control the spread of the virus. Since the enforced regulations have made changes to the way mourning is done in these times, an investigation of the experiences of people of different cultures in coping with loss during the current crisis seems to be of importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mourning experiences in north-east of Iran during COVID-19. Methods: This is a qualitative study which was conducted by using content analysis. The participants were 11 individuals who had lost a family member due to COVID-19 in Bojnurd in 2020. Sampling was purposive and continued until reaching data saturation. Semi-structured interviews and note-taking were utilized for data collection. The interviews were recorded and the notes were then evaluated. Results: After analyzing the collected data and forming semantic units, three main categories and nine sub-categories of unexpressed grief were extracted. Unexpressed bereavement, effects on mental health, and dissatisfaction with services comprise the main categories while lack of farewell opportunity, the emotional burden of COVID-19, strange burial, fear and social stigma, lack of adequate psychological support, emotional trauma and shock, reducing the motivation for life, lack of professional principles in the death announcements, and finally lack of equipment and non-compliance with hygiene standards make up the 9 subcategories. Conclusion: The collected evidence concerning the unexpressed grieving experience ensuing from the COVID-19 induced death of a family member reveals such issue to be one of the most important mental health issues during the spread of the virus, which requires the necessary investigation and intervention of the experts in this field. © 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group®
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In December 2019, the outbreak of acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) keeps spreading at a rapid pace around the world. Lack of an effective vaccine, repurposing inhibitors, or de novo drug design might provide a long-term plan to combat this and potential infections due to specific virus conditions. The emergence of highly contagious COVID-19 and its high mortality rate among human populations has recently been declared a deadly pandemic that has provoked economic chaos and severe health problems. SARS-CoV-2 is an essential virus within its proteome, with several druggable components. The disease is a worldwide health issue that is instigated by severe acute coronavirus-2 syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) in the respiratory system. It is therefore of interest to research the binding features of 1615 drugs with FDA approval on the newly discovered main protease structure of 2019 novel coronavirus having strong sequence homology to that of SARS-CoV. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Background and Objectives: COVID-19 is a new disease and little information is available on its risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality risk factors in patients with COVID-19 in the northeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted. Patients of both sexes with a confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 infection who died during the study were studied as the case group and patients who were in good general health and ready for discharge were studied as the control group. Data analysis was performed with the STATA software version 14 using descriptive statistics and univariate and multiple logistic regression tests. Results: Six hundred and eleven patients were studied (27% cases and 73% controls). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of death were 2.8 times higher in patients over 80 years compared to patients aged 50-60 years. In addition, age under 40 years reduced the odds of mortality by 85% and living in rural areas increased odds of death by 2.2 times. Cough, general fatigue, pain, nausea and vomiting increased the odds of COVID19 survival. Conclusion: The odds of mortality were higher in elder patients with COVID-19. In addition, living in rural areas increased the odds of mortality in patients. Cough and fatigue reduced mortality;however, it is needed to address other hidden factors for sound judgment. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
ABSTRACT
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The immunothrombosis could occur during infection with viruses. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a devastating condition that usually involves the lower extremities. The typical course of DVT is associated with an episode of enormous limb swelling and pain. In this case report, we aimed to present one of the COVID-19 possible complications: DVT in a 38 years old man infected with SARS-CoV-2. A 38 years old man presented with leg pain. He had a dry cough and fatigue suspicious symptoms of COVID-19. For further evaluations, the lung Computed Tomography scan (CT-scan), labratorical assessments, and doppler sonography of the common femoral vein (CFV) of both legs were done. Also, for investigating the other underlying causes of DVT, abdominopelvic CT-scan and lumbosacral Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were done. The CT-scan showed GroundGlass Opacity (GGO) view. Labratorical assessment proposed a thrombotic condition. The doppler sonography of the CFV of both legs revealed a massive thrombosis in the left CFV suggesting an acute DVT. Abdominopelvic CT-scan and lumbosacral MRI were negative for other underlying causes of DVT. COVID-19 is associated with the classical syndrome named disseminated intravascular coagulation and the subsequent consumption coagulopathy presented as DVT.
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Aims Considering that behaviors can be explained based on different theories, one of the most important theories in choosing health behaviors is the Health belief model. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the preventive behaviors regarding corona disease and its related factors based on the health belief model. Instrument & Methods The study utilized a cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical). Web-based sampling methods were used in this study. The sample size was estimated at 2240 samples. Data collection tools included a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient tests using SPSS 23. Moreover, the coefficient at a significance level less than 0.05. Findings There was a significant correlation between age with all constructs of the health belief model in terms of preventive behaviors from COVID-19, gender with all constructs except perceived benefits, education with all constructs except the perceived barriers and performance, and occupation with all constructs except perceived sensitivity (p<0.05). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between perceived benefits and perceived barriers and between perceived barriers and performance. There was a positive and significant correlation between performance score with knowledge (p<0.001, r=0.102) and perceived benefits (p<0.001, r=0.066). Conclusion The results showed that the most source of information for people is social networks and the most trusted source of information is a television program. Variables of age group, education, and occupation had the greatest effect on the constructs of the health belief model, and it is suggested that more attention be paid to the elderly, low-educated people, and non-employed occupational groups. © 2021, the Authors ;Publishing Rights, ASPI.
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The virus causing COVID-19 disease is known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease spread rapidly and was transmitted like a contagious disease throughout China, and then it gradually spread in other parts of the world. Accordingly, the rapid and accurate detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus plays an essential role in selecting timely treatments, saving lives, and preventing the spread of the disease. This study summarizes the methods used to identify coronavirus nucleic acid. The effectiveness of coronavirus nucleic acid detection kits by different samples and the performance of other diagnostic techniques are also addressed in this study. We searched Embase, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases as well as the references of all relevant articles in English published during 2019-2020 using keywords related to COVID-19, detection kits, and respiratory failure and proceedings from relevant conferences and congresses. The authors collected the relevant reports, and each of the authors independently reviewed the data published in different studies. The results of previous studies indicated that the diagnosis methods of the COVID-19 disease are the RT-PCR method, ELISA kits, quick tests, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, other laboratory factors and antigenic detection methods. Given the sensitivity and specificity of these methods at different periods using different samples, the disease interpretation can be performed accurately. The findings showed that proper laboratory equipment and appropriate laboratory kits are necessary for the rapid and precise identification of COVID-19.
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Introduction: The worldwide SARS-COV-2 outbreak caused COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the mechanism of host receptor recognition by virus is inevitably helpful for developing appropriate drugs and treatment strategies.